(Professor of Meteorology, Deptt. of Agronomy, Agrometeorology & Forestry, Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana – 141004, Punjab, India).
e mail – parmjitsinghsehra@hotmail.com
1.1 A Brief Introduction
Dr. Parmjit Singh Sehra, an illustrious member of the minority sikh community from Punjab, India (Village & P.O. Bhana, Via Dasuya -144205, District Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India), who made his career in Meteorology with a constant encouragement and inspiration from his parents and late grandfather Mr. Bir Singh Sehra, has joined the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Geneva, Switzerland, a specialized Agency of the United Nations Organization (UNO), as a WMO/UN Expert with effect from 1st November 1991 for conducting an advanced WMO Training Programme at the Department of Meteorological Services in Harare, Zimbabwe under the FINNIDA/SATCC/WMO Meteorology Project. This project is funded by the Finnish International Development Agency (FINNIDA) and executed by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) for the overall benefit of the region under the Southern African Transport and Communication Commission (SATCC).
The advanced WMO Training Programme comprises of theoretical studies as well as on-the-job training. The Course covers a thorough study of the various prerequisite subjects in Physics, Mathematics, and Data Processing, and also covers all aspects of detailed Meteorological studies, which is to be followed by on-the-job training. Students are selected from within the Department of Meteorological Services in Harare, Zimbabwe for their further career development and promotion to higher levels through this advanced Training Programme. Successful trainees would be awarded advanced WMO Certificates and departmental promotions at the end of this advanced Training Programme conducted by the WMO.
Prior to the present WMO/UN assignment, Dr. Sehra established a new Department of Meteorology in the Faculty of Science, Al-Fateh University in Tripoli, Libya, a challenging task which was earlier planned to be accomplished in association with the University of Reading, U.K., and with the help of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Geneva, Switzerland which somehow they could not do, but Dr. Sehra accomplished it successfully as the founder Teaching Staff Member and Professor of Meterorology of this Department.
Dr. Sehra has also worked at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies, Goddard Space Flight Centre, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in New York, USA, as a Consultant in Middle Atmospheric Studies and Climatology at the invitation of NASA, USA. He has also worked at a number of other national and international institutions in various capacities. For example, the Academy of Athens, Greece, invited him to work with them at their Research Centre for Atmospheric Physics and Climatology in Athens, Greece, as a Research Scientist, where some very important scientific contributions were made with particular reference to rocketsonde-derived stratospheric temperature changes on a global basis. He has also worked at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) in Trieste, Italy, as a Visiting Scientist, at their invitation. While in India, he has worked in the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Space Applications Centre (SAC) in Ahmedabad, Gujarat as a Senior Scientist, and also at the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) there as a Research Scientist.
Dr. Sehra has participated in a number of national and international Meetings and Conferences and has made several scientific and technical contributions. He has published a large number of scientific papers and several popular science articles, and has featured in several daily newspapers, magazines and in many radio and television programmes in India as well as abroad. Some of the journals which have published his papers include Nature; Astrophysics and Space Science; Journal of Geophysical Research; Geophysical Research Letters; Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan; Archives for Meteorology, Geophysics and Bioclimatology; Indian Journal of Radio and Space Physics; Indian Journal of Meteorology, Hydrology and Geophysics (Mausam); Antarctic - Journal of the New Zealand Antarctic Society; Indian Mountaineer - Journal of the Indian Mountaineering Foundation; Handbook for MAP - Middle Atmosphere Program; and the AMS preprint volumes etc.
Dr. Sehra, born in Village Bhana, District Hoshiarpur Punjab, India on 10th March 1947 obtained his Higher Secondary Certificate and B.Sc. Degree from the Panjab University, Chandigarh in 1964 and 1967, and M.Sc. Degree in Physics from the University of Allahabad, India in 1969, and his Ph.D. Degree in Meteorology and Atmospheric Science from the Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India in 1977. With throughout first class and high ranks he also won the country’s highest National Science Talent Search Scholarship through a National Science Talent Search competition conducted by the Department of Science Education, National council of Educational research and Training (NCERT), Government of India, New Delhi, India which continued from 1964 to 1977.
Dr. Parmjit Singh Sehra has earned a unique historical distinction of being the first Indian ever to winter over the South Pole and circumnavigate and explore the Antarctic continent during his participation in the 17th Soviet Antarctic Expedition from 1971 to 1973 under a joint Indo-Soviet agreement. To be first in a population of about one billion (100 crores) people in India in Antarctic Exploration is, indeed, a marvelous achievement in itself, for which Dr. Sehra has been awarded the prestigious Soviet Antarctic Medal, Ribbon & Polar Watch; and the New Zealand Antarctic Society has also honoured him.
Dr. Sehra was then working at the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, India, when he went to the South Pole for Antarctic Exploration as the first and the only member from India, with the 17th Soviet Antarctic Expedition. He worked as a Project Scientist for upper atmospheric meteorological soundings over the South Pole with M-100 meteorological rockets at the Soviet Antarctic station Molodezhnaya in Antarctica. He brought lot of meteorological data from the South Pole, analysed it, and carried out its extensive research at the Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India, and wrote his Ph.D. Thesis entitled ‘Atmospheric Structure: Exploration over Antarctica and Interhemispheric Comparison’, for which he was awarded Ph.D. (Science) Degree by the Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India in 1977.
Dr. Sehra’s Antarctic Exploration created tremendous interest in India for further exploration of Antarctica. Many of his articles featured in several national and international daily newspapers and magazines with his proposals for opening some Indian Bases in Antarctica. Some popular science articles on his Antarctic Exploration and his ambitious proposals of opening Indian Bases in Antarctica were, for example, published by the Spokesman Weekly, Dharmayug and Prajamata magazines, etc., and also by many newspapers such as The Times of India, The Indian Express, The Tribune, The Statesman, The Hindu, and The Spotlight, etc., just to name a few, and they appeared in several Indian and foreign languages. Consequently, his proposals of opening some Indian Scientific Research stations in Antarctica were realized and his dream came true in 1982, when India launched regular Indian Expeditions to Antarctica and opened an Indian Antarctic station ‘Dakshin Gangotari’ and subsequently another Indian Antarctic station ‘Maitri’ there. Since then, regular Indian Expeditions are sent to Antarctica for its further exploration on a continuous basis.
Dr. Sehra became a Member of the American Meteorological Society. Boston. Massachusetts, USA in 1990. He has also been elected as a Fellow of the Royal Meteorological Society, Reading, Berkshire, U.K. in 1991, and a member of the Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, Ottawa, Canada in 1999. He wishes to continue working in the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Geneva, Switzerland, a specialized Agency of the United Nations Organization (UNO), because it provides a true international scope for the advancement of meteorological, hydrological, oceanic, environmental, climatic, and related sciences, and their applications, etc., through its several international programmes and projects all over the world.
20.2 A Short Bio-Data of Dr. Parmjit Singh Sehra
Present Address : Dr. Parmjit Singh Sehra, Ph.D. (Science),
c/o Dr. (Mrs.) Bhupinder Sehra,
MBBS, MD, Gynaecologist,
S. Nihal Singh Pahwa Charitable Hospital,
Industrial Area-B, Ludhiana-141003, Punjab, India, Phone : 00-91-(0)161-545945.
Permanent Address: Village & P.O. Bhana, Via Dasuya-144205, District Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India,
Phone : 00-91-(0)-1886-60212.
Credentials Summary:
Ph.D. (Science); WMO/UN Expert (Geneva, Switzerland); F.R.Met.S. (UK); MAMS (USA); Research Scientist, Academy of Athens, Greece; Visiting Scientist, ICTP, Triests, Italy; Prof. of Meteorology & Atmospheric Science, Al-Fateh University, Tripoli, Libya; Senior Scientist, SAC, ISRO & PRL Ahmedabad, India; First Indian ever to winter over the South Pole and circumnavigate and explore the Antarctic continent, and the only Indian Recipient of the great Soviet honours such as the Soviet Antarctic Medal, Ribbon & Polar Watch.
Personal :
Born on 10th March 1947 at Village & P.O. Bhana, via Dasuya-144205, District Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India; Married and have two children, son & daughter.
Education :
Primary education from the Government Primary School, Bhana/Mangarh, District Hoshiarpur, Punjab, india, upto 1957; and Secondary education and Higher Secondary from the Khalsa Higher Secondary School, Garhdiwala, District Hoshiarpur, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India from 1957 to 1964.
B.Sc. in Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics & English from the D.A.V. College, Jalandhar, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India in 1967.
M.Sc. in Physics from the University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India in 1969.
Ph.D. in Meteorology & Atmospheric Science/Atmospheric Physics from the Gujarat University, Ahmedabad at the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, India in 1977.
Professional Appointments :
1969-1974/1977 : Research Scientist, Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
1971-1973 : Project Scientist, 17th Soviet Antarctic Expedition, and the First Indian ever to winter over the South Pole and circumnavigate and explore the Antarctic continent, and the only Indian Recipient of the prestigious Soviet Antarctic Medal, Ribbon & Polar watch.
1977 : Awarded Ph.D. Degree in Meteorology & Atmospheric Science/Atmospheric Physics by the Gujarat University for the Ph.D. Thesis entitled “Atomospheric Structure : Exploration over Antarctica and Interhemispheric Comparison”.
1974-1982 : Senior Scientist, Space Applications Centre (SAC), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Ahmedabad, India.
1978-1979 : Consultant, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), New York, USA.
1979-1980 : Research Scientist, Academy of Athens, Research Centre for Atmospheric Physics & Climatology, Athens, Greece.
1980-1981 : Visiting Scientist, International Centre for Theorotical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy.
1982-1991: Professor of Meteorology & Atmospheric Science, Faculty of Science, Al-Fateh University, Tripoli, Libya.
1991 on wards : WMO/UN Expert for an advanced Training Programme in Meteorology at the Department of Meteorological Services, Harare, Zimbabwe, conducted by the world Meteorological Organization (WMO), United Nations Organisation (UNO), Geneva, Switzerland. Association with the WMO/UN is continued further also.
1990 onwards : Honorary Scientist, Member, Fellow of many reputed International Scientific Institutions and Learned Societies such as:
Member, American Meteorological Society (MAMS), Boston, Massachussetts, USA ;
Fellow, Royal Meteorological Society (F.R.Met.S.), Reading, Berkshire, UK;
Member, Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society (MCMOS), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,
Scholarships, Distinctions & Publications :
Several years Research & Teaching experience. Throughout first class academic career with high ranks and distinctions and merit & national scholarships, and also won India’s highest National Science Talent Search Scholarship of the NCERT which continued from 1964 to 1977. More than 100 scientific, teachnical and popular scientific papers in reputed international scientific Journals with special feature articles and Television & Radio interviews on his South Pole explorations in India and abroad. Attended several national and international conferences in India as well as abroad. Has earned the unique historical distinction of being the first Indian ever to winter over the South Pole and circumnavigate and explore the Autarctic continent. His Antarctic explorations created tremendous interest in India for further exploration of the Antarctic continent including the opening of some Indian Research Bases there, viz., Dakshin Gangotri and Maitri.
20.3 Resume
(20.3.1) Personal Particulars
1. Name : Parmjit Singh Sehra
2. Father's Name : Mohinder Singh Sehra
3. Mother's Name : Satwinder Kaur
4. Address : Dr. Parmjit Singh Sehra,
WMO/UN Expert, c/o
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), P.O. Box. 4775, Harare, Zimbabwe, Africa.
5. Duty Station : Department of Metorological Services, P.O. Box BE 150, Belvedere, Harare, Zimbabwe, Africa.
6 Employer : World Meteorological Organization (WMO), United Nations Organization (UNO), 7 bis, Avenue de la Paix, Case Postale No. 2300, CH-1211, Geneva 2, Switzerland.
7. Permanent Address : Village & P.O. Bhana, via Dasuya-144205, District Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India.
6.8 8. Place of Birth : Village & P.O. Bhana, via Dasuya- 144205,District Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India.
9. Date of Birth : 10th March 1947.
10. Marital status : Married to Dr. (Mrs.) Bhupinder Sehra, M.B.B.S., M.D. (Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Have got two children : son, Mr. Gaurav Singh Sehra, born on 19th July 1983 in Tripoli, Libya, and daughter, Miss Pamela Sehra, born on 3rd January 1987 in Chandigarh, India.
11. Family’s Present Address and Place of Work
Dr. (Mrs.) Bhupinder Sehra, M.B.B.S., M.D., Medical Specialist (Obstetrician & Gynaecologist), Consultant & Head, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, S. Nihal Singh Pahwa Charitable Hospital, Industrial Area-B, Ludhiana - 141003, Punjab, India; Personal Phone at our Hospital Campus Residence, Apartment B-2: with national code : 0161-545945, and international code: 00-91-161-545945,
20.3.2 Educational Qualifications:
ii) National Science Talent Search Competition conducted by the Department of Science Education, National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), New Delhi, India in 1964. Awarded Gold Medal, Certificate Government of India, of Merit and the country's highest National Science Talent Search Scholarship which continued throughout the academic career upto award of the Ph.D. Degree in Atomspheric Sciences from 1964 upto 1977.
iii) B.Sc. with Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry and English as the main subjects from the D.A.V. College, Jalandhar, Panjab University, Chandigarh India in 1967 securing 85.3% marks in B.Sc. - III and 1st position in the University, and awarded National Scholarship.
v) Ph.D. (Science) awarded in 1977 by the Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India for research in Meteorology & Atmospheric Science/Atmospheric Physics, carried out at the Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India. The Ph.D. thesis "Atmospheric Structure : Exploration over Antarctica and Interhemispheric Comparison" was evaluated and greatly appreciated by NASA/USA scientists which is also published in many reputed international scientific journals.
iv) M.Sc.(Physics) Degree awarded in 1969 by the University of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India with 1st class & high rank and National Scholarship.
Higher Secondary in 1964 from the Khalsa Higher
Secondary School, Garhdiwala, Hoshiarpur, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India with Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry and English as the main subjects securing 1st class with 73.5% marks and high rank in the University, and also awarded National Scholarship.
20.3.3 Research & Teaching Experience :
Several years of research and teaching experience in Meteorology & Atmospheric Science/Atmospheric Physics at the following institutions :
(i) Physical Research Laboratorya (PRL), Navrangpura, Ahemdabad-380009, India, from 1969 to 1974.
(ii) Space Applications Centre (SAC), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Jodhpur Tekra, Ahmedabad-380053, India, from 1974 to 1982.
(iii) Al-Fateh University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meterology, P.O. Box 13685, Tripoli, Libya, from 1982 to 1991.
(iv) World Meterological Organization (WMO), United Nations Organization (UNO), Geneva, Switzerland from 1991 onwards.
20.3.4. A Unique Historical Distinction
Honoured as the first Indian ever to winter over the South Pole and circumnavigate and explore the Antarctic continent while participating in the 17th Soviet Antarctic Expedition from 1971 to 1973. Worked as Project Scientist for upper Atmospheric meterological soundings with M-100 rockets at the Soviet Antarctic station Molodezhnaya, and some other stations in Antarctica, and utilised the meterological rocketsonde data including some other scientific data collected from there for Ph.D. work. Awarded the prestigious Soviet Antarctic Medal, Ribbon & Polar Watch in recognition of Antarctic explorations. This work created tremendous interect in India for further exploration of Antarctica, and consequently, India has started sending its own Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica from 1982 on a regular basis and has also opened two Indian Research Bases in Antarctica, viz., Dakshin Gangotri and Maitri, thereby accepting and honouring such proposals made by the author earlier, and thus making his dream come true.
20.3.5 Postdoctoral Fellowships and Foreign Assignments
Awarded the following postdoctoral fellowships to carry out research in meteorological studies of the terrestrial atmosphere and also to provide consultation in stratospheric dynamics related to climate modelling :
(i) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), New York, U.S.A, awarded a consultation fellowship in 1978 in order to provide them consultations in stratospheric dynamics related to cliate modeling. Accordingly, visited the GISS/NASA, USA, and worked there during the period 1978-79 and also gave there a a number of Seminars on "The Restless Atmosphere" in addition to the consultations.
(ii) Academy of Athens, Research Centre for Atmospheric Physics and Climatology, Athens, Greece, awarded a vising fellowship in 1979 in order to carry out collaborative research with them on middle atmospheric studies and sun weather relationships. Accordingly, worked thereuring the d period 1979-1980, and based upon that research work a paper "Rocketsonde-derived stratospheric temperature changes associated with a major solar cosmic ray event" was published in Astrophysics and Space Science, Vol. 74, No. 2, pp. 475-480, February 1981.
International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy, awarded visiting fellowships twice : firstly in January 1980 while still at Athens, in order to hold discussions with them in atmospheric physics there, and secondly from September to December 1980 in order to participate in an "Autumn Course on the Physics of Flow in Oceans, Atmosphere and Deserts" there, which was followed by a related visit to Sebha in Libya during the period 1980-1981 for attending a "Topical Meeting on Desertification in and around Sebha (Libya)". Gave a number of Seminars at the ICTP, Trieste, Italy during this Course and also at Sebha, Libya in the Topical Meeting during this period there, which was extended upto 1981.
AL-Fateh University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology, Tripoli, Libya, awarded a yearly renewable teaching and research job in Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences in 1981. Accordingly, joined this University for teaching this subject at graduats level and also carrying out research in this field and worked there during the period 1981-1991 and established this new Department of Mereorology there.
(v) World Meteorological Organization (WMO), a specialized Agency of the United Nations Organization (UNO), Geneva, Switzerland, offered a regular job of a WMO/UN Expert in 1991. Accordingly, have been working there as WMO/UN Expert since then.
20.3.6 Publications
The author has published several scientific papers in reputed international journals and has a number of scientific & technical unpublished institutional reports and also a large number of popupar-scientific publications in various periodicals as given in the next sections.
20.3.7 Summary of the work accomplished
Using the M-100 meteorological rocketsonde data collected over Antarctica, it has been shown for the first time that sizable perturbations occur in the uper atmospheric thermal and dynamical structures over the South Polar regions during the winter regime which are accompanied by sudden stratospheric warmings there. Detailed results are published in many reputed international scientific journals.
Worked on the development of an indigenous meteorological payload for Menaka rockers, particularly on its software development for obtaining upper atmospheric winds and temperatures from a number of rocket stations in India.
Worked on the software development of the Omega Upsonde Project in India. A quick version of the software for Omega station identification, synchronisation, and wind derivation was prepared while at SAC/ISRO in Ahmedabad, India.
Worked on the development of necessary software for the extraction of stratospheric layer thicknesses and generation of stratospheric constant pressure maps from the raw Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU) data collected via VHF telemetry as well as in HRPT format from the TIROS-N/NOAA-6 series of operational meteorological satellites. As a member of the "Satellite Data and Software" working group of the Indian Middle Atmosphere Programme (IMAP), made a substantial contribution to this international programme.
Carried out research and teaching in all aspects of Meteorology at the Faculty of Science, A1-Fateh University, Tripoli, Libya by establishing a new Department of Meteorology and worked there as Professor of Meteorology during the period 1981-1991. Since 1991, working in the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), a specialized Agency of the United Nations Organization (UNO), Geneva, Switzerland as a WMO/UN Expert.
20.3.8 Membership of Professional Institutions
Has been elected as a Member of the American Meteorological Society (MAMS), Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Has also been a member of the Indian Meteorological Society, Indian Rocket Society, Indian Physics Association, New Zealand Antarctic Society, and many other national and international scientific institutions; and has also participated in several national and international scientific symposia. Has also been elected as a Fellow of the Royal Meteorological Society (F.R.Met.S), Reading, Berkshire, UK, and a Member of the Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, (MCMOS), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
20.4 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
1. Indian Scientist (Dr. Parmjit Singh Sehra) worked at Soviet Antarctic Station, Antarctic, (Editor J.M. Caffin), published quarterly by the New Zealand Antarctic Society, Vol. 7, No. 7, pp. 224-225, September 1975.
2. Sehra, P.S., Upper mesospheric wind structure in Antarctica, Nature, Vol. 252, No. 5485, pp. 683-686, December 20/27, 1974.
3. Sehra, P.S., Upper atmospheric thermal structure in Antarctica, Nature, Vol. 254, No. 5499, pp. 401-404, April 3, 1975. Sehra, P.S., Atmospheric Structure : Exploration over Antarctica & Equatorial Comparison, Indian Journal of Radio & Space Physics, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 66-74, March 1976.
4. Sehra, P.S., Structure of the Atmosphere over South Polar and Equatorial Regions, Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp.105-117, April 28, 1976.
5. Sehra, P.S., Atmospheric Structure over Antarctica and Equatorial India in Southern Summer, Indian Journal of Meteorology, Hydrology and Geophysics, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 241-252, July 1976.
6. Sehra, P.S., Antarctic Atmosphere: Temperature Exploration and Seasonal Variations, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 81, No. 21, pp 3715 - 3718, July 20, 1976.
7. Sehra, P.S., Atmospheric Structure : Exploration over Antarctica and Interhemispheric Comparison, Ph.D. Thesis, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad-380009, India, (Gujarat University), pp.1-285, October 1976.
8. Sehra, P.S., Atmospheric Circulation : Exploration over Antarctica and Seasonal Variations, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 3, No. 11, pp. 669-672, November 1976.
9. Sehra, P.S., First Indian at the South Pole, Indian Mountaineer - Journal of the Indian Mountaineering Foundation, No. 2, pp. 79-86, Autumn 1978.
10. Sehra, P.S., Antarctica - Enigmatic Continent, Need to open an Indian Base, The Spokesman Weekly-An International Journal published in New Delhi, India, 27th Annual Number, pp. 93-95, 1978.
11 Sehra, P.S., Exploration of Antaractica, Indian Mountaineer - Journal of the Indian Mountaineering Foundation, No. 3, pp. 57-61, Spring 1979.
12. Sehra, P.S., Tropospheric, Stratospheric & Mesospheric Winds over Antarctica, Indian Journal of Radio & Space Physics, Vol. 8, pp. 160-167, August 1979.
13. Sehra, P.S., Stratospheric Circulation over Antarctica, Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, Vol. 54, No. 4, pp.332-340, August 1979.
14. Sehra, P.S., et al., Influence of Solar Proton Event on Upper Stratospheric Temperatures, Praktika - Proceedings of the Academy of Athens, Greece, Vol. 5, pp. 362-371, 1980.
15. Sehra, P.S., Seminars : 1. Upper Atmosphere as seen from the South Pole, and 2. South Pole Odyssey as I look back, given at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy, during the Autumn Course on Physics of flow in the Oceans, Atmosphere and Deserts, SMR/74-40, ICTP, pp. 1-22, September-November 1980.
16. Sehra, P.S., et al., Rocketsonde-derived Stratospheric Temperature Changes associated with a major Solar Cosmic Ray Event, Astrophysics and Space Science, Vol. 74, No.2, pp. 475-480, February 1981.
17. Sehra, P.S., & Hariharn, T.A., Interhemispheric Comparison of Atmospheric Structure, Middle, Atmosphere Program (MAP) - Handbook for MAP, (Editor S.K. Avery), Published by the University of Illinois, USA, Vol.2, pp. 51-60, June 1981.
18. Sehra, P.S., Sharif, T.A., & Nashnosh, A.Y., Sudden Mesospheric Warming over Euatorial Region, Archives for Meteorology, Geophysics and Bioclimatology, Series A, Vol. 33, No.4, pp. 289-296, March 1985.
19. Sehra, P.S., Sharif, T.A., & Nashnosh, A.Y., Interactions between the upper tropospheric and stratospheric region and summer monsoon as revealed by satellite observations, Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 443-447, June 1986.
20. Sehra, P.S., et al., Some Experimental Studies on Precipitation Enhancement by using Silver Iodide (Agi) Nuclei, Published in the Preprint Volume of the AMS Conference on Cloud Physics held in San Francisco, California, USA, from 23-27 July 1990. The Conference was organised by the American Meteorological Society (AMS), USA. The paper consists of 8 printed pages in the Preprint Volume of the AMS Conference on Cloud Physics, 1990.
21. Sehra, P.S., Stratospheric Temperature and Ozone Variations over Tropical Region during 1979 Summer Monsoon from TIROS-N Satellite, Presented at the American Meteorological Society's 19th Conference in Miami, Florida, USA; (Published by the American Meteorological Society in its Preprint Volume pages 502-507, 1991.
22. Sehra, P.S., Hazardous Pollution Problem over Ludhiana, Punjab, India, Presented at the Third International Conference on Urban Air Quality-Measurement, Modelling and Management, Loutarki, Greece 19-23 March 2001.
20.5 LIST OF SOME POPULAR SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS
1. Soviet TV Documentary and Radio Programme, The Government of USSR made a special TV Documentary and a ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬Radio Programme highlighting the Indian Scientist Dr. Parmjit Singh Sehra's participation in the 17th Soviet Antarctic Expedition to the South Pole during 1971-1973. These special scientific programmes were telecast from Moscow which also appeared in all the leading newspapers of the world.
2. Indian Scientist at Base in Enderby Land,
Antarctic - A News Bulletin published quarterly by the New Zealand Antarctic Society from Wellington and Christchurch, New Zealand, Vol. 6, No. 8, p. 292, December 1972.
3. Sehra was 1st Indian Scientist to visit Antarctica, The Tribune, National daily published from Chandigarh, India, by the Trustees of the Triubune, April 26, 1973. The Prime Minister of India made a written statement in the Parliament in New Delhi that Dr. Parmjit Singh Sehra was the first Indian Scientist ever to visit Antarctica and to winter over the South Pole. These news also appeared in all the leading newspapers in India and abroad.
4. Sehra, P.S., A Perilous Tryst with the Antarctic Blizzards and Crevasses, PRL Souvenir, published by the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), at its Silver Jubilee Celebrations, Ahmedabad, India, 1973.
5. Sehra, P.S., Antarctica - An International Laboratory for Science, An Invited Lecture delivered at the Physical Research Laboratory, (PRL), Ahmedabad, India, during its Silver Jubilee Celebrations, 1973.
6. Sehra, P.S., My Sientific Adventures at the South Pole, An Invited Paper presented at the Symposium on Space Science at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Trivandrum-22, India, 1973.
7. Sehra, P.S., ISRO Explores Antarctica, A Report giving a brief account of the scientific work done by the Indian Scientist Dr. Parmjit Singh Sehra during his participation in the 17th Soviet Antarctic Expedition from 1971-1973 published by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and presented at the joint ISRO/USSR Space Exploration Exhibition held at Bangalore and Bombay, India, 1974. Sehra, P.S., India in the Icy Deserts, The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Government of India, made this Special TV Documentary highlighting the Indian Scientist Dr. Parmjit Singh Sehra's scientific work at the South Pole during 1971-1973. It was telecast as a special science programme during the joint ISRO/NASA Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) carried out with the US Applications Technology Satellite (ATS-6) in 1975-76.
8. Sehra, P.S., The first Indian Scientist ever to winter over the South Pole, Dharmayug - Illustrated Hindi Weekly, published by the proprietors of the Times of India, Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd., Headquaters Bombay, India, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 6-14, January 4, 1976.
9. Sehra, P.S., The First Indian at the South Pole, Prajamata - Kannada Illustrated Weekly, published by the Prajamata & Janavani Newspapers and Periodicals, Bangalore, India, Vol. 47, Nos. 43 & 44, June 6 & 13, 1976.
10. Sehra, P.S., Harshest Continent - An Indian remembers Antarctica, The Statesman - National daily simultaneously published from Calcutta and New Delhi, India by the Statesman Ltd., Vol. CXXXII, No. 32492, August 5, 1977.
11. Sehra, P.S., What is it like to winter over South Pole, The Sunday Tribune - National daily, published from Chandigarh, India by the Trustees of The Tribune, Volume XCVII, No. 225, August 14, 1977.
12. Sehra, P.S., South Pole Odyssey as I look back, The Hindu - India's national newspaper simultaneously published from Madras, Coimbatore, Bangalore and Hyderabad by the proprietors Kasturi & Sons Ltd., Vol.100, No.33, August 14,1977.
13. Sehra, P.S., Sojourn in the South Pole, The Times of India - National daily, simultaneously published from Bombay, New Delhi and Ahmedabad, India by the proprietors Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd., Vol. CXL, No. 293, October 23, 1977.
14. Sehra, P.S., A Sikh in South Pole Odyssey, The Spokesman Weekly, published from New Delhi, India, Vol. 27, No. 13-14, pp. 37-38, Guru Nanak Number, 1977.
15. Sehra, P.S., The first Indian ever to winter over the South Pole, IMF Book, published by the Indian Mountaineering Foundation (IMF) at its 20th Anniversary Celebrations, New Delhi, India, 1977-1978.
16. Sans Laurels from Antarctica / Left Out in the Cold, About Dr. Parmjit Singh Sehra's active participation in the 17th Soviet Antarctic Expedition from 1971 to 1973 and the Government of India's pending recognition for his Antaretic Explorations, The Indian Express, Vol. L., No. 24, Chandigarh, New Delhi, and simultaneously published from all other main capital cities in India, Friday/Saturday, February 5/6, 1982.
17. Antarctica - Land of Emperor Penguins, (Antarctica - Penguin Badshah ki Dharti), About Dr. Parmjit Singh Sehra's wintering at the South Pole and Exploration of the Antarctic continent, The national daily Hindi newspaper, Punjab Kesri, simultaneously published from Jalandhar and New Delhi, India, Vol. 12, No. 224, Sunday, August 14, 1994.
18. Several news items in the national and international media on Dr. Parmjit Singh Sehra's accomplishments and achievements, etc.
20.6 List of Some Scientific Conferences attended and Contributions made
1. Participated in a number of Summer Schools in basic sciences under the National Science Talent Search Scheme of the Department of Science Education, Government of India, National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), New Delhi - 110016, India, as a National Science Talent Search Scholar during the period form 1964 to 1977 while holding the country's highest National Science Talent Search Scholarship during this period. These Summer Schools were, for example, held at the Lucknow University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (U.P.); Meerut College, Meerut University, Meerut, U.P.; Panjab University, Chandigarh; Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Calcutta; Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, Gujarat; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Trombay, Bombay, in India, etc.
2. Participated in the joint Indo-Soviet Space Exploration Exhibition at Bangalore and Bombay in India in 1974, which was organised by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in collaboration with the USSR, and presented a scientific and technical Report "ISRO Explores Antarctica", there.
3. Participated in the Scientific Symposium on "Earth's Near Space Environment" at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), New Delhi, India, in 1974, and presented a paper entitled “The Antarctic and the Equatorial Atmospheric Structure", based on my Antarctic explorations.
4. Participated in a Course of Lectures on "Numerical Weather Prediction" at the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, during November 1975.
5. Participated in the Scientific Symposium on "Solar Planetary Physics" held at the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, India, during January 20-24, 1976, and presented a paper on "Meteorology and Upper Atmosphere", and also took part in other scientific discussions.
6. Participated in the 18th Plenary Meeting of International Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) held at Varna, Bulgaria, during May-June 1975, and presented a paper "Atmospheric Structure in the Eastern and the Western Hemispheres", with its Proceedings received in the PRL Library, Ahmedabad, India, in 1976.
7. Participated in the Scientific Symposium on "Tropical Monsoons", held at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, India, during 8-10 September 1976, and presented a paper entitled "South Polar and Equatorial Atmospheric Structure”.
8. Participated in the Indo-French Working on "Numerical 8.Participated in the Indo-French workshop on “Numerical Weather Prediction" held at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), New Delhi, India, during January 17-28, 1977, and presented a paper "Exploration of Atmospheric Structure at the South Pole".
9. Participated in the Scientific Advisory Board Meeting of the Monsoon Experiment (MONEX), at the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, India, during May 1977.
10. Participated in the Scientific Workshop on "Satellites for Earth Observations (SEO), held at the Space Applications Centre (SAC), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Ahmedabad, India, during 2-4 June 1977.
11. Participated in the Monsoon Experiment (MONEX)-1977, aboard he Soviet Scientific Research Vessels sailing from Bombay, India, in June 1977 in view of the MONEX Advisory Board Meeting held earlier at the PRL, Ahmedabad, India, in May 1977.
12. Participated in the Scientific Seminars entitled "Equatorial Waves in the Lower Stratosphere" and other allied topics, at the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)/ Space Applications Centre (SAC), ISRO, Ahmedabad, India, in July 1977.
13. Participated in the Scientific Workshop entitled "Equatorial Electrojet and Associated Phenomenon" held at the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, India, during 25-29 October 1977.
14. Participated in the Scientific Symposium on "Remote Sensing for Hydrology, Agriculture, and Mineral Resources", held at the Space Applications Centre (SAC), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Ahmedabad, India, in November 1977.
15. Participated in the IFIAS Workshop entitled "Drought and Man", organised by the International Federation of Institutes for Advanced Study (IFIAS), at the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, India, in November 1977.
16. Participated in the joint IUTAM/IUGG International Symposium on "Monsoon Dynamics", held at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), New Delhi, India, during 5-9 December 1977, and presented a paper “Interactions between the Middle Atmosphere and the Summer Monsoons”.
17. Participated in the Scientific Seminars on "Predictability of Monsoons" given by Prof. J. Charney of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA, at the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)/Space Applications Centre (SAC), ISRO, Ahmedabad, India, in December 1977.
18. Delivered an Invited lecture on "My Scientific Adventures at the South Pole", at the Sheth Chimanlal Nagindas Vidyavihar, Ambawadi, Ellis Bridge, Ahmedabad-380006, Gujarat, India, on 18th January 1978.
19. Delivered an invited lecture on "My Scientific Explorations at the South Pole", organised by the Inter-Disciplinary Research and Teaching Committee of the Faculty of Science at the Botany Department, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad-380009, India, on 10th March 1978.
20. Participated in the Scientific Seminars on "Sun-Weather Relationships and Studies of the Middle Atmosphere" held at the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, India, in March 1978, and presented a paper on "Interactions between the Troposphere and the Stratosphere".
21. Participated in "An Orientation Programme on Microprocessors and Minicomputers" jointly organised by the Computer Society of India and the Baroda Productivity Council at Baroda, Gujarat State, India, in May 1978.
22 Participated in the “Antarctic and Southern Hemisphere Aeronomy Year (ASHAY) Conference” organized by the 21st COSPAR Meeting held at Innsbruck, Ausria, during May-June 1978, and presented a paper entitled “Stratospheric Circulation over Antarctica”.
23 Delivered an invited lecture on “Geographical Account of the Antarctic Region” at the Department of Geography, University School of Social Sciences, Gujarat Univesity, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad-380009, India, on 28th July 1978.
24 Delivered an invited lecture on “The Restless Atmosphere” at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 2880 Broadway, 112th Street, New York, N.Y. 10025, U.S.A., on Tuesday, 9th January 1979, in addition to so many other scientific seminars delivered there.
25 Participated in the “Middle Atmosphere Programme (MAP) Workship” organised by the Indian National Steering Committee on Middle Atmosphere Programme (MAP), at the Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad, india, in 1979, and presented two Working papers, viz., “3-D Stratospheric Modelling”, and “Satellite Observations for the Middle Atmosphere Programme”.
26 Delivered an invited lecture on “Hemispheric Differences in Stratospheric Circulation from Global Rocketsonde Measurements” at the Reserch Centre for Atmospheric Physics and Climatology, Academy of Athens, 3rd September Street No. 131, Athens 813, Greece, in November 1979, in addition to so many other scientific seminars there.
27 Delivered an invited lecture on “A Comparison of Atmospheric Structure over Antarctica and Equatorial Region” at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) , Strada Costiera 11, P.O. Box 586, Miramare, 34100 Trieste, Italy, in January 1980.
28 Participated in the “International Symposium on Middle Atmosphere Dynamics and Transport” held at the University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A., during the period from July 28 to August 1,1980, and presented a paper “Interhemispheric Comparison of Atmospheric Structure”, which was also subsequently published in the “Handbook for Middle Atmosphere Programme (MAP)”, University of Illinois Press, Vol. 2, pp. 475-480, June 1981.
29 Delivered invited lectures: (i) “Upper Atmosphere as seen from the South Pole”, and (ii) “South Pole Odysssey as I look back”, at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Strada Costiera 11, P.O. Box 586, Miramare, 34100 Trieste, Italy, on 16th October 1980 and 23rd October 1980, respectively, in addition to so many other scientifc seminars given there.
30 Participated in the “Topical Meting on Desertification in and around Sebha (Libya)” at Sebha in Libya during December 1980 to it January 1981, jointly organised by the International Centre for Theoretical Physcis (ICTP), Trieste, Italy, and the Faculty of Education, A1-Fateh University, Tripoli,. Libya, and made significant contributions on Desertification in this Meeting. Consequently, I was invited to open a new Department of Meteorology in the Faculty of Science of A1-Fateh University in Tripoli, Libya, from the Academic Year 1981-82.
31 Participated in the National Workshop on “Atmospheric Studies using High Power VHF Radar” held at the Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India, during 2-4 February 1981, and presented a paper on “Atmospheric Structure and Dynamics”.
32 Participated in the “National Space Science Symposium” held at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India, during the period from 3-6 February 1982, and presented a paper on “Stratospheric Constant Pressure Maps from TIROS-N SSU Data”, and also another paper on “Inter-coupling between the Stratosphere and the Summer Monsoons”.
33 Participated in the “AMS Conference on Cloud Physcis” organised by the American Meteorological Society in San Francisco, California, U.S.A., from 23-27 July 1990, and presented a paper on “Some Experimental Studies on Precipitation Enhancement by using Silver Iodide (AgI) Nuclei”, which is also published in the AMS Preprint Volume, pp. 379-386, 1990, American Meteorlogical Society (AMS), 45 Beacon Street, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
34 Participated in the “19th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology” organised by the American Meteorological Society in Miami, Florida, U,S.A., from 6-10 May 1991, and presented a paper on “Stratospheric Temperature and Ozone Variations over Tropical Region during 1979 Summer Monsoon from TIROS-N Satellite”, which is also published by the American Meteorological Society (AMS), 45 Beacon Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02108-3693, U.S.A., in the AMS Preprint Volume, pp. 502-507, 1991.
And so on ...............
20.7 List of Some Institutional Reports
Institute :
Meteorology Division, Remote Sensing Area, MET/RSA,
Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research
Organisation, SAC/ISRO, Ahmedabad – 380 053, India)
1. Sehra, P.S., Symposium on Tropical Monsoons, held at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune from September 8-10, 1976, A Brief Report, pp.1-7, 1976.
2 Sehra, P.S., A Review paper on Atmospheric Waves and Tides, pp. 1-31, October 1977.
3 Sehra, P.S., Physcis and Dynamics of the Falling Objects in the Terrestrial Atmosphere, RSA/MET/T/04/SR-1/78, pp. 1-21, January 1978.
4 Sehra, P.S., A Brief Report on the Proceedings of “An Orientation Programme on Microprocessors & Minicomputers” jointly organised by the Computer Society of India and Baroda Productivity Council at Baroda during 5-7 May 1978, RSA/MET/T/07, pp. 1-11 May 1978.
5 Sehra, P.S., Note on Satellite Meteorology, A Summary of the Current Uses of Satellite Data in a Meteorlogical Forecast Office, RSA/MET/T/11, pp. 1-6, July 1978.
6 Sehra, P.S., A Scientific Report on “My Consultation Visit to GISS/NASA on Stratospheric Dynamics related to Climate Modeling” at the invitation of Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), New York, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), USA in January 1979, RSA/MET/T/13/01-79, pp. 1-35, January 1979.
7 Sehra, P.S., Three-Dimensional (3-D) Stratospheric Modelling, A Working Paper presented to the Indian National Steering Committee for the Middle Atmosphere Program (MAP) at MAP Workshop held at SAC/ISRO from 22-24 March 1979, RSA/MET/T/13.1/01-79, pp. 1-32, April 1979.
8 Sehra, P.S., et. al., Satellite Observations for the Middle Atmosphere Program (MAP) : A Working Paper submitted to the Indian National Steering Committee on MAP, RSA/MET/T/13.1/02-79, pp. 1-20, April 1979.
9 Sehra, P.S., et. al., Wind Accuracy from Parachutes and Chaff, RSA/MET/T/04/SR-2, pp. 1-15, September 1979.
10 Sehra, P.S., A Brief Report on Visit to the Academy of Athens, Greece, and International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy, during 1979-1980.
11 Sehra, P.S., Stratospheric Layer Thicknesses from TIROS-N SSU Data, SAC/RSA/MET/018/80, pp. 1-25, October 1980.
12 Sehra, P.S., et. al., Supplementary Notes on Atmospheric Dynamics, for a talk on “Review of Lower Atmospheric Dynamisc” in the “National Workshop on Atmoshperic Studies using High Power VHF Radar” held at Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad India, between February 2-4,1981, pp. 1-38, february 1981.
13 Sehra, P.S., Deputation Report on Visit to the International Centre for Theoretical Physcics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy, and Related visit to Sebha Deserts, Libya, to participate in the “Autumn Course on Physics of Flow in the Oceans, Atmosphere and Deserts, during September-December 1980, SAC/RSA/MET/TR-1/09/81, pp. 1-12, March 1981.
14 Sehra, P.S., et. al., Determination of Stratospheric Layer Thicknesses from SSU channels of NOAA-6 Satellite, MET/SN/19/81, pp. 1-17, November 1981.
15 Sehra, P.S., et. al., Stratospheric Constant Pressure Maps from TIROS-N SSU Data, Paper presented at the National Space Science Symposium, held at Bangalore, India from February 3-6, 1982, extended abstract pp. 1-2, February 1982.
16 Sehra, P.S., Determination of Stratospheric Constant Pressure Maps from NOAA-6 Satellite, An Extension of the Report MET/SN/19/81 in the form of Five Maps, pp. 1-6, March 1983.
17 Sehra, P.S., An Interhemispheric Comparison of Dynamical and Thermal Structures of the Terrestrial Atmosphere, Detailed Report based upon the Paper presented at the International Symposium on Middle Atmosphere Dynamics and Transport, held at the University of Illinois, Urbana, USA from July 28-August 1, 1980, An Extended Abstract of this Paper was published in the Handbook for MAP-Middle Atmosphere Program, Vol. 2, pp. 51-60. June 1981. The present Report is a detailed one, pp. 1-39, April 1984.
20.8 List of Some WMO/UN Scientific and Technical Reports Prepared By the Author during the Advanced WMO Training Programme in Harare, Zimbabwe
Author’s Name : Dr. Parmjit Singh Sehra, Ph.D..
WMO/UN Expert
c/o United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), P.O. Box 4775, Harare, Zimbabwe.
1. First Trimestrial Progress Report of the Advanced WMO Training Programme in Harare, Zimbabwe, under the FINNIDA/SATCC/WMO Meteorology Project, March 1992.
2. Fist Semi-Annual Progress Report of the Advanced WMO Training Programme in Harare, Zimbabwe, under the FINNIDA/SATCC/WMO Meteorology Project, Report Reference No. WMO/PSS/SAPR/1/92, July 1992.
3. First Annual Progress Report of the WMO Training Programme in Harare, Zimbabwe, under the FINNIDA/SATCC/WMO Meteorology Project, including the First Trimestrial and the First Semi-Annual Reports supplemented by the next six-monthly Report, Reference No. WMO/PSS/ASPR/2/92, January 1993.
4. Regular Progress Report of the Advanced WMO Training Programme in Harare, Zimbabwe, under the FINNIDA/SATCC/WMO Meteorology Project, including the First Annual Progress Report supplemented by the next six-monthly Report, Reference No. WMO/PSS/RPR/3/93, July 1993.
5. FINNIDA/SATCC/WMO Meteorology Project in Harare : Status and Recommendations regarding the Advanced WMO Class-II/WMO Class-I Training Programme in progress as in Auust 1993, Report prepared and distributed in August 1993.
6. Proposal for Smooth and Successful Accomplishment of the Advanced WMO Training Programme in Harare, Zimbabwe, under the FINNIDA/SATCC/WMO Meteorology Project, including its Status as in October 1993, Report prepared and distributed in October 1993.
7. Present Status and Workplan as in mid-January 1994, and the Minimum Time Requirement for Smooth and Successful Accomplishment of the Advanced WMO Training Programme in Harare, Zimabawe, Report prepared and distributed in January 1994.
8. Final Progress Report of the Advanced WMO Training Programme in Harare, Zimbabwe, under the FINNIDA/SATCC/WMO Meteorology Project, including the Regular Progress Report No. WMO/PSS/RPR/3/93 of July 1993, and the other interim Progress Reports of August 1993, October 1993, And January 1994, supplemented by its Uptodate Report covering all the period from Novermber 1991 to March 1994, and from April 1994 to September 1994 for the Practical Part of the Advanced WMO Class-II/WMO Class-I Course as its Compulosry On-the-job Training, Report Reference No. WMO/PSS/FPR/1994, prepared and distributed in 1994.
9. World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) Advanced Meteorological Training in Zimbabwe, FINNIDA/SATCC/WMO Meteorology Project, Zimbabwe; Project Accomplishment, Objectives, Findings, and Recommendations; Report Prepared for the Government of Zimbabwe by Dr. Parmjit Singh Sehra, WMO Expert on behalf of the World Meteorological organization Project through the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Geneva, Switzerland, 1994, Report Reference No. WMO/PSS/TR/1994
